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Termites are eusocial insects which are categorized in the taxonomic rank of infraorder Isoptera, or as epifamily Termitoidae within the cockroach order Blattodea. Termites were once classified in another order from cockroaches, but recent phylogenetic studies indicate that they evolved from close ancestors of cockroaches during the Triassic.
Approximately 3,106 species are currently clarified, with a few hundred more left to be clarified. Although these insects are often called"white ants", they're not ants. .
Like ants and some bees and wasps from the separate order Hymenoptera, termites divide labour among castes consisting of sterile male and female"workers" and"soldiers". All colonies have fertile males called"kings" and one or more fertile females known as"queens". Termites chiefly feed on dead plant material and cellulose, generally in the kind of wood, leaf litter, dirt, or animal dung.
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Termites are among the most successful groups of insects on Earth, colonising many landmasses except Antarctica. Their colonies range in size from a few hundred individuals to enormous societies with several million individuals. Termite queens have the longest lifespan of any insect in the world, with a few queens allegedly living around 30 to 50 years.
Colonies are described as superorganisms since the termites form a part of a self-regulating entity: the colony itself. .
Termites are a delicacy in the diet of several human cultures and are used in many traditional medicines. A couple hundred species are economically significant as pests that can cause considerable damage to buildings, crops, or plantation forests. Some species, such as the West Indian drywood termite (Cryptotermes brevis), are regarded as invasive species. .
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The infraorder name Isoptera comes from the Greek words iso (equal) and ptera (winged), which refers to the nearly equal size of the fore and hind wings.2"Termite" derives from the Latin and Late Latin word termes ("woodworm, white ant"), altered by the influence of Latin terere ("to rub, wear, erode") from the earlier word tarmes.
The external appearance of the giant northern termite Mastotermes darwiniensis is indicative of the intimate relationship between termites and cockroaches.
Termites were formerly put in the order Isoptera. As early as 1934 suggestions were made that they were closely linked to wood-eating cockroaches (genus Cryptocercus, the woodroach) dependent on the similarity of their symbiotic gut flagellates.6 In the 1960s additional evidence supporting that theory appeared when F. A. McKittrick noted similar morphological characteristics between a number of termites and Cryptocercus nymphs.7 In 2008 DNA analysis from 16S rRNA sequences8 supported the position of termites being nested within the evolutionary tree containing the order Blattodea, which included that the cockroaches.910 The cockroach genus Cryptocercus shares the strongest phylogenetical similarity with termites and is considered to be a sister-group to termites.1112 Termites and Cryptocercus share similar morphological and social features: for instance, most cockroaches do not exhibit societal attributes, but Cryptocercus takes care of its young and displays other societal behaviour such as trophallaxis and allogrooming.13 Termites are thought to be the descendants of the genus Cryptocercus.914 Some researchers have suggested a more conservative measure of retaining the termites since the Termitoidae, an epifamily within the cockroach order, which preserves the classification of termites at family level and under.15 Termites have long been accepted to be closely related to cockroaches and mantids, and they're categorized in precisely the same superorder (Dictyoptera).1617.
The earliest unambiguous termite fossils date to the early Cretaceous, but given the diversity of Cretaceous termites and early fossil records showing mutualism between microorganisms and these insects, they likely originated earlier in the Jurassic or Triassic.181920 Further evidence of a Jurassic origin is that the assumption that the extinct Fruitafossor consumed termites, judging from the morphological resemblance to modern termite-eating mammals.21 The earliest termite nest detected is believed to be from the Upper Cretaceous in West Texas, in which the earliest known faecal pellets were also discovered.22 Claims that footprints arose previously have faced controversy.
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Weesner indicated that the Mastotermitidae termites may go back to the late Permian, 251 million years ago,23 and fossil wings that have a close resemblance to the wings of Mastotermes of their Mastotermitidae, the toughest living termite, have been found in the Permian layers in Kansas.24 It is even possible that the first termites emerged during the Carboniferous.25 The folded wings of this fossil wood roach browse around this site Pycnoblattina, arranged in a convex pattern between segments 1a and 2a, resemble those seen in Mastotermes, the only living insect with the identical pattern.24 Krishna et al., however, consider that all of the Paleozoic and Triassic insects tentatively categorized as click here now termites are in fact unrelated to termites and needs to be excluded from the Isoptera.26 The primitive giant northern termite (Mastotermes darwiniensis) exhibits numerous cockroach-like attributes that are not shared with other termites, such as laying its eggs in rafts and having anal lobes on the wings.27 Cryptocercidae and Isoptera are united in the clade Xylophagidae.28 Termites are sometimes known as"white ants" but the only resemblance to the ants is due to their sociality which is because of convergent evolution2930 with termites being the first social insects to evolve a caste system more than 100 million years back.31 Termite genomes are generally comparatively large in comparison to that of other insects; the first completely sequenced termite genome, of Zootermopsis nevadensis, which was printed in the journal Nature Communications, consists of approximately 500Mb,32 while 2 subsequently published genomes, Macrotermes natalensis and Cryptotermes secundus, are considerably larger at around 1.3Gb.3330.